Thermogenic Effect of Chewing Gum
Thermogenic Study Background
Nicotine replacement therapy limits weight gain after smoking cessation.
This finding is partly attributable to the thermogenic effect of nicotine,
which may be enhanced by caffeine.
Thermogenic Study Aim
We assessed the acute thermogenic effects of chewing gum containing different
doses of nicotine and caffeine.
Thermogenic Study Methods
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study included
12 healthy, normal-weight men (aged 18-45 years). Energy expenditure was
measured with indirect calorimetry before and 2.5 h after subjects chewed
each of 7 different types of gum containing the following doses of nicotine/caffeine:
0/0, 1/0, 2/0, 1/50, 2/50, 1/100, and 2/100 mg/mg.
Thermogenic Study Results
The thermogenic responses were 3.7 percent, 4.9 percent, 7.9 percent,
6.3 percent, 8.5 percent, and 9.8 percent, respectively, for the gums
containing 1/0, 2/0, 1/50, 2/50, 1/100, and 2/100 mg nicotine/mg caffeine.
Adding caffeine to 1 and 2 mg nicotine significantly enhanced the thermogenic
response, but changing the caffeine dose (from 50 to 100 mg) did not change
the thermogenic effect. None of the combinations changed the respiratory
quotient compared with placebo, which indicates that glucose and fat oxidation
rates were increased to a similar extent. Side effects occurred only with
2 mg nicotine.
Thermogenic Study Conclusion
One milligram of nicotine has a pronounced thermogenic effect, which can
be increased by 100 percent by adding 100 mg caffeine. Increasing the
nicotine dose to 2 mg does not increase the thermogenic effect but produces
side effects in most subjects. Caffeine may be useful in preventing weight
gain after smoking cessation if its thermogenic effect can be used to
enhance nicotine's effect on long-term energy balance.
Source: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2003
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